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Libro de los juegos, Alfonso X of, showing Muslim playing Christian.Chess is a for two players. It is played in a, made of 64 smaller squares, with eight squares on each side. Each player starts with sixteen: eight, two, two, two, one and one. The goal of the game is for each player to try and the king of the opponent.
Barrier and facilitating the inter-lingual communication. Marathi, an Indo-Aryan language derived from Sanskrit, is spoken by 70 million people in India. The script currently used in Marathi is called “baalbodha” wh ich is a modified version of Devnagri Script 1. While translating one language to another changing of the word order.
Checkmate is a threat ('check') to the opposing king which no move can stop. It ends the game.During the game the two opponents take turns to move one of their pieces to a different square of the board.
One player ('White') has pieces of a light; the other player ('Black') has pieces of a dark color. There are rules about how pieces move, and about taking the opponent's pieces off the board. The player with white pieces always makes the first move. Because of this, White has a, and wins more often than Black in tournament games.Chess is popular and is often played in competitions called. It is enjoyed in many countries, and is a hobby in. The king's move is one square in any direction. The king (K for short) may not move to any square where it is threatened by an opposing piece.
However, the king can move to a square that is occupied by an opponent's piece and capture the piece, taking it off the board. The queen (Q) can move any distance in any direction on the ranks, files and diagonals. The rooks (R) move any distance on the ranks or files.
The bishops (B) move diagonally on the board. Since a bishop can only move diagonally, it will always be on the same color square. The knights (Kt or N) move in an 'L' shape. Each move must be either two squares along a rank and one square along a file, or two squares along a file and one square along a rank. It is the only piece that can jump over other pieces. Like the other pieces, it captures an opposing piece by landing on its square. The pawns can only move up the board.
On its first move a pawn may move either one or two squares forward. A pawn captures one square diagonally, not as it moves: see white circles on its diagram. Besides, in some situations pawns can capture opponent's pawns in a special way called en passant, which means in passing in (see below).Capturing Most pieces capture as they move.
If a piece lands on an opponent's piece, the opposing piece is taken off the board. There are three special cases:. The king cannot be taken (see check and checkmate).
No piece can be taken while castling (see below). Pawns take one square diagonally.Check and checkmate.
Algebraic chess notationThe moves of a chess game are written down by using a special. This is compulsory for any competitive game. Article 8 & Appendix E Usually chess notation is used.
In algebraic notation, each square has one and only one name (whether you are looking from White's side of the board or Black's). Here, moves are written in the format of: of piece moved – file where it moved – rank where it moved. For example, Qg5 means 'queen moves to the g-file and 5th rank' (that is, to the square g5). If there are two pieces of the same type that can move to the same square, one more letter or number is added to show the file or rank from which the piece moved, e.g. Ngf3 means 'knight from the g-file moves to the square f3'. The letter P showing a pawn is not used, so that e4 means 'pawn moves to the square e4'.If the piece makes a capture, 'x' is written before the square in which the capturing piece lands on. Example: Bxf3 means 'bishop captures on f3'.
When a pawn makes a capture, the file from which the pawn left is used in place of a piece initial. For example: exd5 means 'pawn captures on d5.' The 'Scholar's mate'If a pawn moves to its eighth rank, getting a promotion, the piece chosen is after the move, for example e1Q or e1=Q. Castling is written by the special notations 0-0 for kingside castling and 0-0-0 for queenside. A move which places the opponent's king in check normally has the notation '+' added. Checkmate can be written as # or.
At the end of the game, 1-0 means 'White won', 0-1 means 'Black won' and ½-½ is a draw.In print, (like those in, but smaller) are used for the pieces rather than initials. This has the advantage of being language-free, whereas the initials of pieces are different in every language. Typefaces which include figurines can be purchased by chess authors.
Also, basic notes can be added by using a system of well-known marks and other. For example:!
Means a good move,!! Means a very good move,? Means a bad move,?? A very bad move (sometimes called a blunder),!? A creative move that may be good, and?!
A doubtful move. The purpose of these methods is to make publications readable in a wider range of countries. For example, one kind of a simple 'trap' known as the Scholar's mate, as in the diagram to the right, may be recorded:1. (3.Qe7 would prevent the mate, with 4.Nf6 next move)4.
Qxf7# 1-0With figurines in place of the initials, this would be understood by players everywhere.Playing arena Players may not in the playing area, but only in areas designated by the organiser. May not be used or even switched on. Players may not use any sources of advice, and may not analyse on any device. These and other matters are covered by the FIDE Laws on the conduct of the players. Article 12 Stages of a game Chess is an easy game to learn the moves, but a difficult game to master. Strategy is an important part of the game. First of all comes the openings, about which a great deal is now known.
The best-known move, the King's Pawn opening, is the white player moving his king's pawn on e2 forward two spaces to e4. Black can reply to that move in various ways. Opening. Main article:The first moves of a chess game are called the opening. A chess opening is a name given to a series of opening moves. Recognized patterns of opening moves are openings and have been given names such as the. They are listed in reference works such as the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings.
There are of different openings. They range from, where a pawn, say, is offered for fast development (e.g. The ), to slower openings which lead to a maneuvering type of game (e.g. In some opening lines, the sequence thought best for both sides has been worked out to 20–30 moves, but most players avoid such lines. Expert players study openings throughout their chess career, as opening theory keeps on.The basic aims of the opening phase are:.: to place (develop) the pieces (mostly bishops and knights) on useful squares where they will have the most powerful impact on the game. of the center: the center is the most important part of the board. The player who controls the center can move his/her pieces around freely.
His/her opponent, on the other hand, will find his/her pieces cramped, and difficult to move about. King safety: keeping the king safe from danger. Castling (see section above) can often do this. Pawn: pawns can be used to control the center. Players try to avoid making pawn such as, or backward pawns, and pawn islands – and to force such weaknesses in the opponent's position.Players think, and chess databases prove, that White, by of the first move, begins the game with a better chance.
Black normally tries to equalise, or to get some counterplay.Middlegame. Main article:The middlegame is the part of the game after most pieces have been developed. It is where most games are won and lost. Many games will end in resignation even before an endgame takes place.A middlegame position has a structure. That structure is determined by the opening. The simplest way to learn the middlegame is to select an opening and learn it well (see examples in and ).These are some things to look for when looking at a middlegame position:. Material: changes in the balance of material are critical.
To lose a piece for nothing is enough to lose a game. If the players are evenly matched, then a rough material balance of pieces is normal. Material balance is often quite static: it does not change for many moves. Development: the opening may have left one player with a lead in development.
That player has the initiative, and may attack before the opponent can get his pieces out. It is a temporary asset: if a lead in development is not used effectively, it will disappear. The centre: in the centre pieces have their greatest effect, and some (such as the knight) attack more squares in the centre than at the sides. The player who controls the centre will almost always have the advantage. Mobility: a position is mobile if the pieces can get where they need to.
Almost all middle game positions have some limitations to mobility. Look for open files for the rooks, and open diagonals for the bishops. Outposts are what knights need, places where they can not easily be dislodged. King safety: where is the king? Ideally, a king should be castled, and kept behind a screen of pawns.
Many other things may happen in practice. If a king is weak, it may be put under direct attack. Pawns: they provide the skeleton of a position. They move slowly, and may become blocked for many moves.
Everything takes place round the pawns. Different openings produce different pawn structures. In this way openings influence the whole game (: 'Pawns are the soul of chess'). Main article:There are two types of chess programs. One is to play against you; the other is to help you become a better player by learning more.
The two types can be made to work together, though they have different functions.Chess engines Chess engines are systems that can play chess games against human opponents. Quite a number have been devised; they can play at master level, though their processes are quite different from a human being. P87 Fritz Fritz is a chess program by Frans Morsch and Mathias Feist,. It is the current market leader. There is also a different kind of Fritz called Deep Fritz that is made for multi. The latest kinds of the products are Deep Fritz 12 and Fritz 12. They came with reviews by Josh Waitzkin, who said that 'Fritz is like a woman that you can't get with.
It just drives (makes) you to think in ways you've never thought before'. Shredder Shredder, also a ChessBase product, is claimed to be the strongest engine at present. Rybka Rybka, a product by Vasik Rajlich, is Shredder's main rival.
Chess databases Chess do not actually play. They give access to the recorded history of master chess. There are two components.
First, there is the software, which lets one search and organise the database material. Then there is the actual database, typically one to four million games.In practice, databases are used for two purposes. First, for a player to train his/her ability at specific openings. Second, to look up specific opponents to see what they play, and prepare against them beforehand.The existence of chess databases is one of the reasons young players can achieve mastery at an early age.ChessBase is the biggest database, and widely used by masters. Although it can be used online, most users download the software and data onto their computer.
If that computer happens to be a laptop, then they might take the laptop to tournaments, to help prepare for games. Players may not use computers or any other aid during games, but much preparation goes on behind the scenes. ChessBase has to be purchased, and it is not cheap. New in Chess This is a Dutch magazine for advanced players, which runs an on-line database called NicBase as part of its services. NicBase is free, and has over a million games. Chessgames Chessgames.com runs an on-line database of games. It is partly free, but requires registration.
Full access to all its facilities is by a fairly modest subscription. It has over half a million games on its database. On-line playing sites There are websites which a player can join (for a fee) and play on line. In this case, the subscriber will play against other subscribers, not a computer.
All standards of players are amongst the members, and various events are on offer at different rates of play. The two leaders in this market are:Internet Chess Club Playchess Further reading. Burgess, Graham and John Nunn 1998. The mammoth book of the world's greatest chess games. Carroll & Graf.
Chandler, Murray 1998. How to beat your dad at chess. Gambit, London. (Improvers). Chandler, Murray 2004.
Chess for children. Gambit, London. (Beginners). and Kramer H. The middlegame, books I and II. And This goes further than improvers need, but might be used by chess teachers as a source of classic positions.
King, Daniel 2000. Chess: from first moves to checkmate. Kingfisher, London. Illustrated, 64 pages. (Beginners, children). Polgar, Laszlo 2006.
Chess: 5334 problems, combinations and games. Ed, Black Dog & Leventhal.
Pritchard, David Brine 2008. The right way to play chess.
8th ed, Right Way. (Beginners impovers).
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Silman, Jeremy 1997. How to reassess your chess. 3rd ed expanded, Siles. (1994). The game of chess.
Algebraic edition. Hays Publishing.
Ward, Chris 1994. Opening play (think like a chess master). Batsford, London. Wolff, Patrick 2005.
The complete idiot’s guide to chess. 3rd ed, Alpha, New York. (Beginners improvers). Znosko-Borovsky, Eugene 1980. The middle game in chess. (Improvers intermediate)Endgames These are endgames for improvers, based on reviews by John Watson.
Flear, Glenn 2000. Improve your endgame play. Everyman, London. Seirawan, Yasser 2003. Winning chess endings. Everyman, London.
Silman, Jeremy 2007. Silman's complete endgame course: from beginner to master. Siles.
Snape, Ian 2003. Chess endings made simple. Gambit, London.Related pages Wikimedia Commons has media related to.References.
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